After decades of decline, crude oil production in the united states has recently been increasing rapidly. The api of crude oils varies typically between 10 and 50, with most crude oils falling in the range of 2045. Api comes from density at reference conditions so if your starting point is density measured at line temperature and pressure, then you need to apply these correction before you can convert to api degrees. The left and right margins of the table are annotated with the temperature.
Crude oils that are light higher degrees of api gravity, or lower density and sweet low sulfur content are usually priced higher than heavy, sour crude oils. Culzean is a new grade of light crude oil from the north sea. The api gravity classification for crude is given by the defining equation. Feb 08, 2020 since 1929, the api has produced the weekly statistical bulletin. An alphabeticallyorganized list of downloadable crude oil assays.
However, if the pressure is one atmosphere the standard pressure then there is no pressure correction and. The american petroleum institute reported tuesday a decline of 2. Specifically, the variation of the crude oil relative density and viscosity with the temperature will be studied. Lighter crudes with higher api produce a larger number of lighter products, such as gasoline, which have higher resale value. The info should come with a crude assay that is commonly supplied at the delivery to the refinery 2 estimate it by thermodynamics e. A library of exxonmobil crude oil blends sorted by api gravity and by sulfur.
The american petroleum institute gravity, or api gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. So other qualities being equal, lighter crudes are expected to sell at a premium over heavier crudes. Oil pares gains after api reports surprise crude inventory build. Since 1929, the api has produced the weekly statistical bulletin. Qualities based on enbridge 2005 crude characteristics table updated information for 2006 should be available in a few months assumed to be imported crude midale is known to be trucked nd production and quality data does not fully account for us sour pgi lumped crude gravity, viscosity into categories to summarize data api degrees. There are two weekly reports about the amount of crude oil inventory in the united states. Despite differences in weight, colour and sulphur content, all types of crude oil are equal when it comes to safe transportation through a transmission pipeline. Api gravity weighted average of crude oil input to. Api gravity crude oil is an indispensable starting material for all types of products and various other fuels, oils, and lubricants. Any oil with an api score under 10 degrees sinks in water. Specific gravity is the heaviness of a substance compared to that of water, and it is expressed without units. One of the largest and major classifications of crude oil is brent blend, which is found in the north sea. Although mathematically, api gravity has no units see the formula below, it is nevertheless referred to as being in degrees.
The american petroleum institute api reported a surprise build of 4. If the degree api of crude oil is between 33 and 45, it is considered as light crude oil. Estimated production 20 kbopd for the year 2012, with future increase as per results of tests performed in 2008. The api american petroleum institute is scheduled to release its weekly. Specific gravity for api calculations is always determined at 60 degrees fahrenheit. Crude oil with low content of sulfur means sweet and the presence of high content sulfur is known as sour. The specific gravity table published by the american petroleum institute api is a tool for determining the relative density of various types of oil. For highly paraffinic crudes this factor is 125, while for aromatic or naphthenic crudeoil fractions its value is 10 or below, and the increase between 10 and 12 indicates the increase in paraffinicity. The american petroleum institute reports inventory levels of us crude oil, gasoline and distillates stocks. Definition of api gravity of water provided by wikipedia. The api reported that the us crude oil inventory had fallen by 3. Current economics, variations in the price of crude oils and shifting demand for distillates have forced refineries to reduce the cost of their distillation feedstock.
This is partly because gasoline and diesel fuel, which typically sell at a significant premium to residual fuel oil and other bottom of the barrel products, can usually be more. To convert an api gravity reading to 60f, we usually use astm table 5b. Feb 01, 1983 the delta star is one of joseph wambaughs earlier books. Cpl, and ctpl may be used as specified in other api manual of petroleum measurement standards mpms chapters. Crude oils have different quality characteristics today in. The reliability of this will of course depend on your input data 3 api and other may have standard curves with a few input parameters e. The american petroleum institute api reported a surprise draw of 1. Bureau of standards standardized the baume hydrometer scale, it was discovered that most of the hydrometers in use in the american petroleum industry had been erroneously manufactured to a modulus of 141. In general, viscosity characteristics are predictable. Our marketing assay has an api gravity of 49 degrees. Crude oil density vs temperature refining, hydrocarbons.
The book thoroughly evaluates the chemistry and processing of low api gravity highsulfur heavy crude oil increasingly relied on in the industry. Simple equations to approximate changes to the properties of. Variation of crude oil properties with temperature in a. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. The latter generally requires access to a process simulator and characterization data. Using api gravity to calculate barrels of crude oil per metric tonedit. Mar, 2009 it is not specific to the type of crude paraffin or asphaltic, so it is a general relationship that can only be an estimate. Using api gravity, the conventional crude oils can be generally considered as light api30, medium 30api22, and heavy api api is devised jointly by the american petroleum institute and the nist national institute of standards and technology. Apr 22, 2014 this article describes simple equations to approximate changes to the properties of crude oil with changing temperature. Therefore, the measurements of more simple properties such as flash point, vapor pressure, and viscosity have become standard chemical. Crude and regional crude inventories and data related to.
Evaluation of new deasphalted oil technology ecopetrol technology for pilot plant with 10 kbopd capacity. Viscosity increases with decreases in crude oil api gravity assuming a constant watson characterization factor and decreases in temperature. Classifications of crude oil international marine consultancy. The scale of api gravity was adjusted so that most petroleum liquids fall between 10 and 70 degrees api gravity. Last week, the us commercial crude oil stockpile fell by 2. Yesterday, news reports stated that jp morgan slashed its crude oil price forecast, citing increased production and peak seasonal refinery maintenance in october. All of these operations, and more, are explained in this new 192 page ebook, which is supported with photographs taken onboard a new build vlcc. Nov 09, 20 composition of crude oil crude oil crude oil is defined as a mixture of hydrocarbons that existed in the liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities. Characterization of these products is most complex and often impractical. Density is an integral part of determining the value of oil, where light oils command a higher price due to the ease with which they are converted to gasoline. The eia will publish the weekly crude oil inventory report on wednesday, june 3, 2015. Pdf this paper examines the factors responsible for changes in crude oil. Vapor pressure of crude oil chemical process engineering.
Manual of petroleum measurement standards chapter 11. Ebok production started in the second quarter of 2011. Api gravity is the oil industry standard used to determine and classify the density of oil. The formula can be reversed to find the density of the petroleum liquid. Dead private eyes and murdered hookers are the center of this entertaining crime novel.
In appearance crude oils vary from straw yellow, green,and brown to dark brown or black in. Crude is the unexpurgated story of oil, from the circumstances of its birth millions of years ago to the spectacle of its rise as the indispensable ingredient of modern life. Just as its important for grain traders to watch a wasde report, it is equally important for oil and gas traders to watch the release of an energy report. In this totm, we will study the impact of temperature on the crude oil properties in the gathering systems for the case presented in the november 2014 totm. The rise follows the weekly api report showing a 7. Api gravity temperature correction online calculator. Though api values do not have units, they are often referred to as degrees. It is a mixture of hundreds of different compounds. Api gravity weighted average of crude oil input to refineries degree year jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov. Exhibit 2 indicates the quality of a typical light crude 35api and a typical heavy crude 25api. Api gravity calculator crude oil api gravity chart. Api gravity is graduated in degrees on a hydrometer instrument.
Manual of petroleum measurement standards chapter 11physical. Crude oil is a fossil fuel and one of the most important substances in the world. What are the different types of crude oil transported by transmission pipelines. In the metric system specific gravity is the same as in the english system. If the degree api of crude oil is greater than 45, it is considered as extra light crude oil. This report contains a multitude of information, reporting on total u. The figure shows how much oil and product is available in storage. So the api gravity of west texas intermediate is said to be 39. Api gravity values of most petroleum liquids fall between 10 and 70 degrees.
Oil pares gains after api reports surprise crude inventory build by julianne geiger jan 23, 2018, 3. What are the different types of crude oil transported by. A hydrometer scale used to measure the density of petroleum, established by the american petroleum institute. Oil prices inch higher after api reports surprise crude draw. Apis weekly statistical bulletin wsb has reported total u.
Dec 05, 2019 crafting an engrossing journey from the gushing pennsylvania oil fields of the 1860s to todays fraught and fractious middle east, crude volatility explains how past periods of stability and volatility in oil prices help us understand the new boombust era. Crude oil is used to make fuels for transport heating generating electricity. Sg specific gravity at 60 o f specific gravity can be calculated from api gravity. All eyes on the api crude oil inventory report market. The american petroleum institute api reported a draw of 1. In addition to fueling our suvs and illuminating our cities, crude oil and its byproducts fertilize our produce, pave our roads, and make plastic possible. Advanced solutions for efficient crude blending in the past, refineries were constructed to distill conventional light crude oils. There is never a dull moment, or shall i say page, in a wambaugh book. Oil prices rise as api reports draws across the board. Api for crude at standard condition chemical process. Including the pressure correction in this standard represents an important change from the temperature only 1980 tables. Parallel to the decline of conventional oil re serves, it has been observed that the new discoveries. Robert mcnally has written an excellent biography of a. The api scale was designed so that most values would fall between 10 and 70 api gravity degrees.
The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees api. This tip of the month describes simple equations to approximate changes to the properties of crude oil with changing temperature. His humor is raw and gritty, but the characters who are all flawed in some way or another are the best part. If the degree api of crude oil is between 22 and 33, it is considered as medium crude oil. The scale is inversely related to the density of water. Changes in crude oil density and specific heat, or heat capacity, can be estimated from graphs andor more elaborate computer simulation. While it has no units of measurement, an oils rating is expressed as api degrees.
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